The Visually Impaired Discovering Life in New Ways with the iPhone!

I never thought about a visually impaired person using an iPhone with its flat screen and no brail yet, that is exactly what many of them are doing. They have found a way of making the iPhone their own tool. There are apps being made for the blind by the blind. The app VizWiz is helping them make clothing decisions by allowing them to take a photograph of their cloths and sending it to a service that tells them what color it is. They are also finding ways of being even more self dependent with apps like Sendero an accessible GPS that tells the user’s current position by giving them their street, city, cross street and nearby points of interest. The visually impaired can feel the difference in coins but can’t tell the difference in bill amounts. Now, there is another app called LookTel Money Reader that allows the user to scan the bill of money being handed to them so, they know exactly how much money is being returned to them. Instead of them just trusting that the person is giving them the right amount back. The iPhone has an option that allows the user to have the iPhone verbally read what is on the screen allowing the person to put their finger on the screen to be told where they are on the screen. This allows them to navigate the screen and choose the right button that now all they need to do is double tap to enter. Another app Paisios is working on an app that will not only tell someone what color their clothes are but, also tell them what other colors it goes with since, for many visually impaired the word yellow only mean ripe banana they have never actually seen yellow. The apps that stick are the ones that are practical, accessible, fast, and easy to use. Some of the apps they wish were out there are ones that offer navigation that works indoors, informs them of construction sites to avoid, and describes to them what restaurants and stores are on the streets as they are walking down them. They also have some of the same concerns as seeing people about becoming too dependent on the new technology. They are concerned that the new generation with all these new app options that are reading out loud to them they will forget how to read brail.   

  

I think these are great apps. It just shows you that technology is truly expanding into levels of use that are making the world absolutely limitless no matter your abilities are or are not. I agree with the idea that we always have to be concern with becoming too dependent on technology for everything. Yet, why would anyone want to discourage it if it can improve the quality of someone’s life by allowing them to do something they would otherwise be unable to do. I know I would not want to discourage anyone from living their lives to the fullest.

http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/print/2012/05/how-the-blind-are-reinventing-the-iphone/256589/   

Are You Your Employer's New Threat!

In this article they are warning Android users to be aware that there’s a malware that is infecting mobile handsets of Android users. This malware is infecting these Smartphone’s running Google’s Android operating system when the Smartphone is use to access one of a dozen websites that have the malware. The way these sites are doing the infecting is by using an iframe tag that is included in the site which links the Smartphone to the malicious software that is then downloaded automatically once the site is visited. It does this by prompting the owner of the Smartphone to install the downloaded app. The researchers make note that this is the first time hacked websites are being used to target and infect mobile devices. These installations are only possible on phones configured to run apps that are acquired from other sources than Google Play market. When someone visits these websites that don’t have an Android it returns an error message that prevents malicious activity from happening. Research shows that at the current time the malware appears to serve as a simple TCP relay or proxy while it is posing to be a system update. Even though at this time it doesn’t seem to cause any direct harm to the mobile devices the concern about this Android Trojan called NotCompatible is it could be used to gain illicit access to private networks if the infected Android was to be used as a proxy.

I wonder how employers will be handling this new threat when the majority of employees have Smartphone’s. I don’t know how many are using the Android operating system by Google but I’m sure it is a large number. This just may be hacker’s newest way of trying to hack a company’s files by gaining access from the inside. In the article they mentioned that “the company’s security app automatically blocks installation of the software.” I got the impression they were talking about the researchers company but it was unclear exactly what company they were talking about. This would be a good solution for a company if this was an accessible security app that other companies could install to protect their networks from being compromised. 

http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2012/05/android-users-targeted-for-the-first-time-in-drive-by-download-attacks.ars?clicked=related_right 

Giant Search Engine VS. The Author Guild, Who wins?

Has anybody thought of fighting against a giant? I found this article about a lawsuit between Google, the giant search engine and the author guild. The author guild defines themselves as a non-profit American organization of and for authors. They have about 80 thousand members who are in the book publishing industry including published authors, literary agents and attorneys. Their conflict with Google started on September 20, 2005 when they filed a lawsuit against Google for its Book Search Project. The Author Guild claimed that Google was committing copyright infringement. The main cause of the litigation was distribution of scanned books that were still in copyright on Google search engine. On the other hand, Google responded that they had fair use of the materials according to the US copyright law. On October 28, 2008, the legal dispute was settled by Google's announce of payout agreement of $125 million to the organization.

Recently, Google is involved in another lawsuit with NY library and they sensed the Author Guild's movement. Google wants the organization stay out of this case. Additionally, they urged a judge keep the group out of the case. Their action is, in fact, forcing authors and photographers to individually fight the online search engine giant.

While I was reading the article and informed myself about these cases, I could not decide which side I should stand for. As a consumer of the book publishing industry, I am siding with Google in terms of distributing scanned copies of books. However, at the end of the day, it will hit the industry. The important part is keeping the balance. Nowadays, consumers have access to either free or low priced published contents. Therefore, the book publishing companies should come up with creative ways to maintain competitiveness.

Any other thoughts?

DRM Free E-Books

I found an article that talks about how a big publisher, Tor Books, is planning on dropping DRM completely from their e-books. DRM stands for digital rights management. DRM is a technique used to control the distribution of information and content and limit its use.  DRM is an adaptive technology that can change to accommodate different industry specifications. By doing this DRM helps with copyright protection and illegal distribution. The most common technique DRM uses is encryption. The digital data is encrypted to ensure that it can only run on a certain platform and cannot be copied or transferred. DRM also uses restrictive licensing agreements to ensure that the item purchased is controlled. The main reason DRM is used by various industries is to attempt to fight piracy and limit copyright infringement.

The article talks about how DRM makes life harder for the customer, begging the question why use it if it makes you lose customers. DRM is also quite ineffective. DRM is not working as it should because it does not stop piracy or file sharing. Encryptions on DRM can be broken. Asides from the encryptions there are many very simple methods that can be used to bypass DRM. Hackers and users are getting more tech savvy everyday and they have come up with simple yet effective methods to avoid DRM. A few ways customers can circumvent DRM are:

·      When dealing with audio files: they can be burned onto a cd and the ripped from that cd into a DRM-free platform. This can be done to all music files. It can also be done to movies.

·      With books: physical copies of books can be scanned into a computer and made into an eBook.

·      With software: there are many types of software that have been developed to specifically decrypt software to a DRM-free form.

So then, why go through the hassle of it all? It is much simpler and more efficient for the publishers to provide DRM-free e-books so that their customers can use any platform they like instead of being tied down to a certain platform. This will probably open the doorway for other publisher to do the same, making the playing field more equal between e-book providers, such as Amazon Barnes&Nobles and Apple, because the prices of the e-books will begin to decrease as well.

Here is the link to the article:

http://www.informationweek.com/byte/news/personal-tech/digital-content/232901070

Robot Soldiers

I found this article that talks about the ethics of robot soldiers. I think robot soldiers are inevitable. The way technology is advancing and the constant increase in people's reliance on technology; soon we will be looking at technology to fight our wars. One of the biggest questions this poses is how can we allow technology to take someone's life. I don't know that we are not already doing that. Think about homing missiles and how they find their target in order to explode. Yes, we do choose the target for the missile, but it is still up to the missile to get the job done. Also, like with any soldier, the robot soldiers will need orders from someone. Those orders are what will determine what the robot does or who he kills. So, technically it is not really the technology that makes the decision it is still us humans. In the article it says that the robots would have the decision making power, however, regular soldiers also have decision making powers. If the technology that goes into making the robots is meant to act the same as how soldiers are meant to act, then the robots will still have to have orders to follow in order to complete their tasks. Also the likelihood of other nations also developing technological warfare instruments is very high. This makes me think that it will most likely be robots against robots, which may be better for humanity. This way people do not have to get hurt for any governmental issues with other countries. I personally think it is a non issue. I like the idea of robot soldiers, with humans controlling them of course.

Anybody have any other ideas?

http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/04/law-and-ethics-for-robot-soldiers/

The Power of Social Media

We’ve discussed in class how your behavior on social media can determine what everyone else thinks of you. In this article the writer examines the difference between the way Rihanna and Beyonce conduct their interaction with fans using social media. He doing this will trying to see what it means about a future where everyone has a presence online of some sort, a future he believes we are barreling towards. 

His examination shows how Rihanna uses Instragram and Twitter to chronicle her daily activities with an unfiltered look of her life. Rihanna takes photos of herself using her iPhone camera resulting in grainy, pixilated quality phones. She also curses and has lashed out at anyone taking a jab at her on Twitter.

Beyonce social media choices are Tumblr andTwitter. In contrast to Rihanna, Beyonce only releases photos that look professionally done and most of which looked staged. Some post have handwritten notes from Beyonce written in swirling swoops.  Everything she presents to her fans is to show an image of upper-class. She doesn’t seem to get as personal with her fans as Rihanna keep her fans at a distance.   

Unlike some of the other stars, both Rihanna and Beyonce have successfully used these social media outlets to present the persona they want their fans to see. During this process both of them have also strengthen their brands with the use of social media.

I think there are definitely advantages to using social media for someone who wants to promote an image to the masses. Social media can be a very powerful tool in creating an image you want to promote. It can also do a lot of harm if you promote an image without keeping in mind that anyone on these social media outlets can see that image including a potential employer and if that image is not what they want to see. Rihanna and Beyonce are probably making a lot of money by doing it right and keeping in mind the audience they want to reach. 

http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/30/digital-diary-rihanna-vs-beyonce-a-tale-of-two-online-identities/# 

FlyRights app to speedup TSA complaint filing

On Monday, the civil rights group Sikh Coalition released a new app for Android and iPhone that they hope will make it easier for airline travelers to report and file profiling or harassment complaints to the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). The app is called FlyRights and the coalition created it as a response to a history of large amounts of secondary screening towards Sikhs and other religious and ethnic minorities at airports in the USA. The forms used by the app are drawn directly from the TSA website.  The goal of this app is to make it easier to file a complaint of profiling or harassment.  The app does this by allowing the users to bypass the website in order to reduce the time lag between the submissions of an incident occurrence and filing a complaint.

The app provides a simple design for ease of use with three buttons on its home screen. The three buttons are “Report” (links to a form where user input their name, e-mail, phone, address, airport, airline flight and describe incident in question, followed by a “Send Report Now” button), “Know Your Rights”, and “About the Sikh Coalition.”

Other civil rights leaders and politicians praised the app.

I think this is a good use of an app. I know that the majority of airline employees are just doing their job, but it’s the ones that use their position of power to harass people of different religions and ethnicity that makes this kind of technology necessary. I know how difficult it is to file any kind of report in a bureaucratic system. I’m sure many people just don’t file the complaint because of the time and aggravation involved with the process. I believe that an app that makes it easy for someone to file a complaint will reduce the power of the employee who would engage in profiling or harassment. 

http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/04/flyrights-app-aims-to-streamline-tsa-complaint-process.ars?clicked=related_right

Microsoft & Nook

Microsoft has decided to back the Nook tablet and has invested $300 million in a new Barnes & Noble subsidiary called Newco.  As part of this deal Nook digital bookstore will be bundled with Widows 8 when its newest version comes out later this year.  With this announcement Microsoft will maintain 82.4% ownership in Newco.  After this news was announced, Barnes & Noble stock rose 83%.  

This influx of cash will allow Barnes & Noble to hire new engineers, software developers, and hardware designers as well as allow them to compete on a marketing front with Amazon and Apple. 

Barnes & Noble also announced for the first time, potential international expansion.  This is because Microsoft screen are all over the world and with this new partnership Barnes & Noble can take advantage of that.  Customers are also more likely to purchase the Nook because they can have more confidence in the continued success of the brand with Microsoft behind it. 

I am really happy about this deal because I would like one traditional bookstore chain to stay around.  I also think that more options for consumers is better especially in light of the collusion between Apple and the publishing houses.  I think it is beneficial for both companies as Microsoft can reach the tablet market and Barnes & Noble can gain stability.     

http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57423980-93/microsoft-deal-allows-b-n-to-go-toe-to-toe-with-amazon-and-apple/?tag=mncol;topStories 

Crowdsourced Baby!!

I found a story released about 3 days ago that talks about how parents received the money to fund IVF treatments through crowdsourcing! Crowdsourcing is a term used for when a task is outsourced to a group of people, or crowd, in order to solve a problem. This is different from outsourcing because the group of people is not defined or specific. The process of crowdsourcing is now being used primarily online, but can be done offline as well. A computer is used with the crowd, thus solving the problem at hand together, reviews the information the group of people applies to the problem. In the case of Jessica and Sean Haley, their problem was that they needed to raise funding for IVF treatments. The couple did not want to make their story public to their friends, but when they saw no way out they turned to the Internet. They first pitched their idea to Kickstarter, a crowdfunding website, but were rejected because Kickstarter does not handle medical funding. They were able to share their story instead on IndieGoGo. They asked for $5000, and ultimately were able to raie $8050. 


You can read the entire story here:


http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/digital-living/6802078/Woman-gives-birth-to-crowdsourced-baby


The story is quite moving and explains a new way crowdsourcing is being used these days.  No longer is crowdsourcing used solely for solving a problem. Now a days crowdsourcing has helped locate missing children, and fund projects. The money raised for Kony2012 is also a form of crowdsourcing. I personally have helped fund a movie through Kickstarter. It is quite the experience. Usually there is a time limit for when the amount of money needs to be raised by. The worst part is if you get refunded it is because the project failed to raise enough money. With crowfunding, you really become part of the action. You can see how much is left and spread the word about it through Twitter and Facebook. I think this is the most innovative source of funding yet. How else do you expect to reach the masses in a short amount of time. The Internet is fastest way to spread your concerns all over the world, and many projects do receive funding from people in countries they had never even imagined their project would reach. 


The whole theory of crowdfunding amazes me, and worries me at the same time. I am not sure how much these crowdfunding hosts screen, but what happens if a story gets funded that has no truth to it? How will people know what to believe. I have not found anything as of yet that would actually support what worries me; but if there is a crack in the system many people can learn to exploit it. 

Recent Piracy Issues

Earlier in the semester we talked about piracy, and how different governments are cracking down on copyright infringement. I found two different articles in the news that link to each other.

The first article is about the Hong Kong film industry's loss of $308 million to YouTube. They discovered that films were being uploaded to the site because of the release of one film that did not do as well as anticipated. When the producers of the movie found out about the film on YouTube, they did further research, which led to the discover of over 200 films that were illegally uploaded. The funny thing is the producer of the film does not hold YouTube accountable, even though when Media Asia informed YouTube about the copyright infringement they did not close them down immediately. I think something needs to be done. With YouTube, they allow anyone to claim a copyright even if it is not theirs. This causes an abundant amount of loss to the various film industries. Many people believe that copyright infringements do not happen in YouTube often, but you would be surprised. Even Arabic and Indian films are available all over the place on YouTube. The problem is YouTube does not bother to check this stuff out for itself which I think is wrong on their part.

http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hong-kong-film-piracy-youtube-314976

The second article is about how Finland's government has recently given IFPI permission to identify and pursue the different users of Pirates Bay. After a Pirates Bay leak of an album two days before it was meant to be released, the label went to court to force information on the infringers be released to them. The label is only looking at the people who uploaded and shared the album, and not looking about the illegality of Pirates Bay itself. After receiving information about the infringers, they plan on looking for other infringements on the site and gathering information about the sharers of those albums. I still think that some of the fault lies with Pirates Bay; but it was also the choice of the people who shared. The Pirates Bay did not take this lightly. Because of the courts ruling, the Pirates Bay was supposed to be blocked. This instigated a lot of questioning about the rights of filtering the internet. The founders of Pirates Bay are planning to sue the IFPI for suing the people that allow access to their site. They believe that the IFPI has an unfair monopoly on distribution regardless of the means. I do not think they have a right to sue the IFPI, to be honest. It just does not make any sense.

http://torrentfreak.com/court-gives-ifpi-permission-to-identify-pirate-bay-users-120423/

For the article about Pirates Bay planning to sue IFPI go to:

http://torrentfreak.com/the-pirate-bay-plans-to-sue-ifpi-090206/

Personally, for both YouTube and the Pirates Bay, I believe that the organizations themselves are to blame just as much as the people who upload or share the material. I am intrigued to find out what YouTube, and their parent company Google, have to say about their copyright policies that have led to many copyright infringements. They have yet to make a statement. 

Coursera

As we discussed earlier in the semester Stanford professors were offering free online classes to everyone.  After completion, those in the class would receive a certificate of completion rather than actual class credit.  This idea has spurred a lot of conversation especially with the announcement of Coursera last week.  Coursera is an expansion of the idea, which now includes Princeton, the University of Michigan, and the University of Pennsylvania.  Coursera has received $16 million from venture capitalist firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and New Enterprise Associates. 

Other instances of this free online learning are occurring as well.  Dr. Thrun of Stanford University left his position to start Udacity, a similar online learning site.  MIT is also jumping on board and offered their first free course on circuits and electronics in March.

There is a lot of concern among universities as to where the future of higher education is heading.  There is also concern that the prestigious universities offering the free courses will lose some of their name brand appeal.  I think just the opposite.  I think it positions these schools in a more favorably light as they no longer seem elitist and exclusionary. 

Facebook and No More "Privacy"

Facebook, once again, is all over the news in regards to their new terms of use.  One of the major changes included changing the name from "Privacy Policy" to "Data Use Policy".  Personally, I think that whenever someone sees the word "privacy", they are automatically concerned that their privacy will soon be violated.  Since Facebook is free, the article clarifies that they make most of their money from advertising, with some of their funding coming from a cut of the profits from games that are played through Facebook.  If people started to be too concerned with their privacy (which, let's face it, how much do we really have anymore if you are using the Internet?), then Facebook could start to lose users. If they lose users, they are no longer going to be the $100 billion public company that they hoped for.

In a bulleted list, they revealed what some of their newest updates would be to this "Data Use Policy".  The full list can be found in the article below.  This list was made public for all Facebook users to review. And, like in true social media fashion, they are asking for comments about how people feel about them.  They will go into effect on April 27, so start commenting away. I think that I understand pretty well that there is very limited privacy when it comes to Facebook.  Do you think their new terms will change how people feel about using Facebook?  Will it decrease the number of users?

Facebook Clarifies Changes to its Terms of Use

EBooks in the News

Since no one else has mentioned Ebooks yet....

On Wednesday, the Department of Justice has accused Apple of partnering with five publishers to keep ebook prices artificially high to compete with Amazon.com. The anti-trust charges are likely to lead to a reduction in the price of eBooks, according to the USA Today article. The allegations are that Apple allowed publishers to sell eBooks for any price thy chose, assuming it was not cheaper than any other price on the internet. So, publishers set prices high to make more profits, which forced Amazon to also set prices high to compete. This lead to artificially high prices of eBooks. Apple plans to take on the Department of Justice in court because they claim that they helped to break “Amazon's own monopolistic grip on ebook sales.” So, Apple claims it was helping to break up Amazon’s monopoly but the Department of Justice claims that in doing so, Apple was breaking the law in a different way. Three publishers have already decided to settle out of court. Reporters estimate that e-Books will return to prices closer to Amazon’s original $9.99 each once the case is settled.


Today, Apple is still fighting the lawsuit that “accuses them of colluding to keep ebook prices high.” According to an eWeek article, Apple is claiming that the allegations are not true. The Justice Department maintains that it is filing suit to protect consumers against companies who try to control the market.


Personally, I own a Kindle. When I first purchased my Kindle I was expecting to be able to purchase eBooks and eSubscriptiosn at prices greatly reduced from physical copies. This was not that case. E-versions were cheaper but most of the time it was still cheaper to buy a used copy of a book then to buy an eBook. Needless to say, I was disappointed. In the days since the allegations have been made public, I have not seen the price of eBooks drop, but I have seen the price of magazine subscriptions drop dramatically. Although I cannot remember the exact price, I estimate the price of Time Magazine was $3.00 an issue last week which has dropped to $0.54 per issue today. Cosmopolitian $0.83 per issue. RollingStone $0.77 per issue. These are the prices I was expecting when I purchased my Kindle.

April 14, 2012 10:58 AM

Extra Credit Posts

As part of receiving extra credit toward the final exam in the class, you can either see an event around campus, or view a documentary or movie related to the class.  In addition, you can post a class-related topic on this blog that you read, heard or saw online.

In your post, create a linkable URL to the original article (or website), as well as other related links.  Write up a summary of the article (or other media), including the main points you thought most interesting.  Then, provide your own views.  Others can comment on the post for participation credit, or cabncontinue the discussion with other links that provide another viewpoint and, again, summarize, and offer your view (for extra credit).  See below for more details.

Some details about URL choice:

1. The URLs have to be very recent, preferably in the last few days.  
2. It has to be technology-related.  So no posts in the news that do not have a technology component.
3. First one to post about it gets the credit; if another student wants to comment on the same post and add another link (and another point of view), that is fine.   Students can also comment for participation credit.

Comment on Assignment 4

In my response to this Assignment, and your comments, let me first say you all found really depressing findings.  I'll have to redo this assignment next year. :)  So much bad speech, and it's everywhere.  In government, on sports fields, in quiet neighborhoods.  But as most First Amendment lawyers (and others) will say, the best way to fight offensive speech is with more speech.  Examples include the McCain response and the white supremacists.  If you let people get away with saying these things, no matter how often you hear it (as in Vishal's example), saying nothing back is not always a good solution, although there are risks either way.  Clearly it is no longer a free speech issue when you kill someone.

Good work.  Continue to comment here, or add new posts on any topic related to the course.

Assignment 4: Speech and Consequences

Due before class on Thursday, April 5.
 

Introduction

In class, we discussed a variety of speech, both online and offline, that are protected under the First Amendment.  As Chief Justice Douglas wrote in his 1973 dissent to the three-tiered test of obscenity in the Miller v. California Supreme Court decision,

The First Amendment was designed 'to invite dispute,' to induce 'a condition of unrest,' to 'create dissatisfaction with conditions as they are,' and even to stir 'people to anger.' The idea that the First Amendment permits punishment for ideas that are 'offensive' to the particular judge or jury sitting in judgment is astounding. No greater leveler of speech or literature has ever been designed. To give the power to the censor, as we do today, is to make a sharp and radical break with the traditions of a free society.

It is in this way that the First Amendment and free speech supports our democratic ideals.  As awful as speech can be, it’s what sets us apart from countries that do not have these freedoms.

Instructions:
For this assignment, find an example of offensive, uncivil speech.  It can be provocative, distasteful, intentional or not.  Does it allow any chance for rebuttal?  Is the response primary by others to ignore it?  Get engaged? Outraged?  In 2-3 paragraphs, summarize the description of the event and the response(s) to it.  You can post videos, blog posts, online harassment, vitriolic radio and news media, websites that espouse white supremacy.  Pretty much any media site.   

Post the assignment here. After you post, go back and comment on others’ posts.  The idea is to read and comment and thereby make it more interactive.
 

Comparing privacy and security on online dating sites

I think this link is relevant for Sara's, Sean's, and John's blog, plus for those of you using online dating sites (really?  no one?), it might be good to know. 

https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/02/comparing-privacy-and-security-online-dating-sites

Apple Faces Outcry for Labor Practices at Chinese Factories

Posting this link here for Chris Jones's blog. Among other news, this is an eyewitness account of Foxconn. Others may find this fascinating, as I did.  It includes audio, video, and transcripts.

http://www.democracynow.org/2012/2/10/apple_accustomed_to_profits_and_praise

Blog suggestions

I spent the last hour creating suggestions for you. Then, it didn't post. Not going to do it again. My suggestion is this:

• READ.  We have many syllabus topics and many blog sites on this page.  
• I could post them all here, or you can follow the links.
• In the news:
• Megaupload (see Ars Technica)
• Class on controlling cyberspace (see http://futureoftheinternet.org/controlling-cyberspace)
• EFF notes Jan. 28 as day of privacy (see EFF)
• On the media (NPR) this week: http://www.onthemedia.org/2012/jan/27/
• NPR technology section: http://www.npr.org/sections/technology/
• Front page news.

 I can go over this in class, but it does take some thinking to figure this out.  Again, the blog has to be about technology and the controversial issues of its use, or how our digital world is different, including what the future may hold.

Disruptive Innovations

 Wikipedia defines a "disruptive technology or disruptive innovation is an innovation that helps create a new market and value network, and eventually goes on to disrupt an existing market and value network (over a few years or decades), displacing an earlier technology. The term is used in business and technology literature to describe innovations that improve a product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically first by designing for a different set of consumers in the new market and later by lowering prices in the existing market."

Based on our readings (Disrupted Innovation and Autodesk case study), where they list a number of disrupted technologies, as well as examples I showed in class, comment on the readings or provide your own examples.